ARTS & CULTURE

Published More Than 50 Years Ago, ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings’ Launched a Revolution

Maya Angelou’s breakthrough memoir forever changed American literature and helped carve a new space for black self-expression

Veronica Chambers

January 2020

opening illustration of Maya Angelou — Maya Angelou’s breakthrough memoir, published 50 years ago, launched a revolution in literature and social awareness. Illustration by TS Abe; Photographic reference: Corbis Outline

Maya Angelou published the first of her seven memoirs not long after she distinguished herself as the star raconteur at a dinner party. “At the time, I was really only concerned with poetry, though I had written a television series,” she would recall. James Baldwin, the novelist and activist, took her to the party, which was at the home of the cartoonist-
writer Jules Feiffer and his then-wife, Judy. “We enjoyed each other immensely and sat up until 3 or 4 in the morning, drinking Scotch and telling tales,” Angelou went on. “The next morning, Judy Feiffer called a friend of hers at Random House and said, ‘You know the poet Maya Angelou? If you could get her to write a book...’”

That book became I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, which recently celebrated its 50th birthday.

In the memoir, Angelou (born Marguerite Johnson) boldly told the heartbreaking truths of her childhood, including how she was raped at the age of 7 by her mother’s boyfriend. She would later explain, “I stopped speaking for five years. In those five years, I read every book in the black school library. When I decided to speak, I had a lot to say.”

Angelou in hotel — Angelou often wrote in hotel rooms with a few essentials: a deck of cards, a crossword puzzle, a Bible, a dictionary, a thesaurus and a bottle of sherry. ©Wayne Miller / Magnum Photos

One of the women who helped Angelou find her voice was a teacher in Stamps, Arkansas, named Bertha Flowers. She was the kind of woman you rarely got to read about in American literature in the 1960s. Angelou’s writing is cinematic; in Caged Bird, she transports the reader to another time:

Mrs. Bertha Flowers was the aristocrat of Black Stamps. She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather, and on the Arkansas summer days it seemed like she had a private breeze which swirled around, cooling her. She was thin without the taut look of wiry people and her printed voile dresses and flowered hats were as right for her as denim overalls for a farmer. She was our side’s answer to the richest white woman in town.

It is all there—life, not just in the American South but this American life, period—waiting for you to take the ride, the heartbreaking and brave journey that is Marguerite Johnson’s young life. Ahead of its publication, James Baldwin said Caged Bird “liberates the reader into life simply because Maya Angelou confronts her own life with such a moving wonder, such a luminous dignity. I have no words for this achievement, but I know that not since the days of my childhood, when the people in books were more real than the people one saw every day, have I found myself so moved....Her portrait is a biblical study in life in the midst of death.”

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The critical and public reaction to the book was immediate and powerful. It was nominated for a National Book Award in 1970 and remained on the New York Times best-seller list for two years. It sold more than one million copies, has been translated into 17 languages and has never been out of print.

Caged Bird book — A first edition of the 1969 book. One copy from James Baldwin’s personal library—inscribed “Joy! Maya Angelou”—is for sale online for $12,000. Random House

Over the last five decades, Marguerite Johnson has come to live in our imagination in a hallowed literary land where you can imagine she jumps double dutch with Meg Murry from A Wrinkle in Time and Scout Finch from To Kill a Mockingbird.

Part of the reason the book continues to resonate is that it is, and always has been, more than a memoir of one woman’s life. It has emerged as a blueprint for our times—presaging and encompassing everything from the #MeToo movement to self-care to the question of how to stand at the end of a tumultuous decade and look forward with hope. The book reminds every reader about the power in meeting brutal challenges head-on. As Angelou wrote in Caged Bird, her mother, Vivian Baxter Johnson, never flinched in the face of adversity: “She was Vivian Baxter Johnson. Hoping for the best, prepared for the worst and unsurprised by anything in between.”

It is the in-between of Angelou’s life that is so engaging and surprising. She was the first black female cable-car conductor in San Francisco, a successful calypso singer, a star of the New York theater taking on groundbreaking roles in productions such as French playwright Jean Genet’s The Blacks, a foreign service aide in Ghana, a magazine editor in Cairo and the first black woman to direct a major feature film in America. She was a friend and confidante of both the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

In the end, it seemed there was nothing that Maya Angelou couldn’t do. Caged Bird endures because it is a stunning reminder of all the possibility that lies on the other side of silence and suffering.

Beyond the Page

No American poet has played a bigger role in TV and movies than Angelou. Here are highlights from her work as an actor, director, and screenwriter.
by Ted Scheinman

“Roots” (1977): In this serialized adaptation of Alex Haley’s best-selling novel, Angelou portrayed Nyo Boto, grandmother to Kunta Kinte; Angelou’s role was a composite character drawn from several in the book. Alamy

*Down in the Delta* (1998): Angelou’s directorial debut stars Alfre Woodard as a single mother struggling in Chicago who goes to stay with family in Mississippi, where she and her children find a more joyful way of life. ©Miramax / Everett Collection

*There Are No Children Here* (1993): Based on the nonfiction book by Alex Kotlowitz, the film follows two brothers, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers, as they grow up in the turbulent Chicago of the 1980s. Angelou plays their grandmother, and Oprah Winfrey, right, plays their mother. Everett Collection

*Georgia, Georgia* (1972): The film, about a love affair between a black American singer and a white American deserter she meets in Sweden, was one of the first movies in America scripted by a black woman. Everett Collection

*Porgy & Bess* (1959): After dancing across Europe with a touring production of *Porgy & Bess*, Angelou appeared, uncredited, in the Otto Preminger film. Columbia Pictures

“Sesame Street” (1996): Angelou narrated and guest-starred in “Elmo Saves Christmas” and made several other appearances on the public TV show. “Sesame Street” mourned Angelou’s death in 2014 by thanking her on Twitter for “all the hugs.” Richard Termine / Sesame Workshop

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Maya Angelou’s debut memoir is a modern American classic.

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